Blue Light Revealed

Early morning blue light exposure therapy can aid the healing process of people impacted by mild traumatic brain injury, according to new research from the University of Arizona.

Psychiatry professor William “Scott” Killgore from the College of Medicine – Tucson used blue light to reset sleep patterns in adults recovering from concussions to facilitate recovery of brain structure, connectivity and cognitive performance.

“Exposure to blue wavelength light each morning helps to re-entrain the circadian rhythm so that people get better, more regular sleep,” says Killgore, the lead author on the new study published in the journal Neurobiology of Disease.

“This is likely true for everybody, but we recently demonstrated it in people recovering from mild traumatic brain injury, or mTBI. That improvement in sleep was translated into improvements in cognitive function, reduced daytime sleepiness and actual brain repair.”

Mild traumatic brain injuries, or concussions, are often the result of falls, fights, car accidents and sports participation. Military personnel can also experience mTBI from exposure to explosive blasts: Shockwaves strike the soft tissue of the gut and push a burst of pressure into the brain, causing microscopic damage to blood vessels and brain tissue, Killgore says.

“Your brain is about the consistency of thick Jell-O,” he says. “Imagine a bowl of Jell-O getting hit from a punch or slamming against the steering wheel in a car accident. What’s it doing? It’s absorbing that shock and bouncing around. During that impact, microscopic brain cells thinner than a strand of hair can easily stretch and tear and rip from the force.”

Those with an mTBI can momentarily see stars, become disoriented, or even briefly lose consciousness following the injury; however, loss of consciousness doesn’t always happen, and many people who sustain a concussion don’t even realize they have a mild brain injury, says Killgore. Headaches, attention problems and mental fogginess are commonly reported after head injuries and can persist for weeks or
months for some people.

Few, if any, effective treatments for mTBI exist. The U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command funded the research to find alternatives to medicinal methods of mTBI recovery.

“About 50% of people with mTBI also complain that they have sleep problems after an injury,” Killgore says.

Recent research has shown that the brain repairs itself during sleep, so Killgore and his co-authors — John Vanuk, Bradley Shane, Mareen Weber and Sahil Bajaj, all from the Department of Psychiatry — sought to determine whether improved sleep led to a faster recovery.

In a randomized clinical trial, adults with mTBI used a device that shines bright blue light (with a peak wavelength of 469 nm) at participants for 30 minutes early each morning for six weeks. Control groups were exposed to bright amber light.

“Blue light suppresses brain production of a chemical called melatonin,” Killgore says. “You don’t want melatonin in the morning, because it makes you drowsy and prepares the brain to sleep. When you are exposed to blue light in the morning, it shifts your brain’s biological clock so that in the evening, your melatonin will kick in earlier and help you to fall asleep and stay asleep.”

People get the most restorative sleep when it aligns with their natural circadian rhythm of melatonin — the body’s sleep-wake cycle associated with night and day.

“The circadian rhythm is one of the most powerful influences on human behavior,” Killgore says. “Humans evolved on a planet with a 24-hour light/dark cycle, and that’s deeply ingrained in all our cells. If we can get you sleeping regularly, at the same time each day, that’s much better because the body and the brain can more effectively coordinate all these repair processes.”

As a result of the blue light treatment, participants fell asleep and woke an average of one hour earlier than before the trial and were less sleepy during the daytime. Participants improved their speed and efficiency in brain processing and showed an increase in volume in the pulvinar nucleus, an area of the brain responsible for visual attention. Neural connections and communication flow between the pulvinar nucleus and other parts of the brain that drive alertness and cognition were also strengthened.

“We think we’re facilitating brain healing by promoting better sleep and circadian alignment, and as these systems heal, these brain areas are communicating with each other more effectively. That could be what’s translating into improvements in cognition and less daytime sleepiness,” Killgore says.

The blue light from computers, smartphones and TV screens often gives blue light a bad rap. But, according to Killgore, “When it comes to light, timing is critical. Light is not necessarily good or bad in and of itself. Like caffeine, it all comes down to when you use it. It can be terrible for your sleep if you’re consuming coffee at 10 o’clock at night, but it may be great for your alertness if you have it in the morning.”

He and his team plan to continue their research to see whether blue light improves sleep quality and how light therapy might affect emotional and psychiatric disorders. Killgore believes that most people, whether injured or healthy, could benefit from correctly timed morning blue light exposure, a theory he hopes to prove in future studies.